John Morgan and Pharmacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John Morgan and Pharmacy - Essay Example John Morgan is considered to be the first teacher and practitioner of pharmacy. He was taught pharmacy, chemistry of pharmaceutical and material medica to students, who were studying medical. He is well known because he had laid down the foundations for separating pharmacy from medicine (Cowen & Helfand, 102). The main objective of this separation was to divide the medical field in to different branches in order to enhance and improve the entire profession. Consequently, pharmacy would be cultivated as a separate branch so that it can have a positive impact on medicine. Another reason for this separation was that pharmacy can be improved so that it could be practiced with precision and proficiency. This separation was essential for the benefit of the public (Crellin, & Scott, 200). John Morgan has made a significant and noteworthy impact on modern pharmacy. He has established the foundations of pharmacy and it has now developed as a separate discipline. After the establishment of pharmacy as a separate discipline, doors for professional pharmacy have opened. John Morgan is considered to be one of the most prominent figures in medical history because he had separated medicine from pharmacy. This separation assisted professional pharmacy to growth and develop as a separate discipline.

Principles of business law two questions in an assignment Essay

Principles of business law two questions in an assignment - Essay Example She later refused to pay back this sum of money to Peter. Can he sue her Would it make any difference to your answer if, instead of borrowing this sum of money to go for a boat cruise, she had actually borrowed this sum of money to go for a study tour of China organized by her school In answering these questions, the major source of support was Article 2 of the US Uniform Commercial Code, which broadly covers the law governing sales contracts. Meanwhile the examples of cases cited were taken from English cases. Q1. According to section 2-205 of the US Uniform Commercial Code, in every sales contract, there must be an object on offer, an offer made, an acceptance made, and an exchange. The person making the offer is called the offeror and the person making the acceptance is called the offeree. Even if the offeree has made up his mind to a final acceptance, the agreement is not yet complete. There must be an external manifestation of his assent. This can be some word spoken or act done by the offeree or by his authorised agent, which a court of law can regard as the communication of the acceptance to the offeror. What constitutes communication varies with the nature of the case and has provoked many difficult problems. a) The first scenario mak... What constitutes communication varies with the nature of the case and has provoked many difficult problems. a) The first scenario makes a lot of difference in the interpretation and analysis of the case. Going by the facts of the case, Jane's acceptance was sent within a reasonable time, such that even though Andrew received the letter 'late', the court could still deem the contract enforceable. This view has support from section 2-207(1) of the Uniform Commercial Code, which states that 'A definite and seasonable expression of acceptance or a written confirmation which is sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance' Jane could rightly evoke the provisions of this article to rightfully sue Andrew for a breach of contract. Carrying out the stipulated task is enough to constitute acceptance of the offer. However, by making an underpayment for the postage stamp, Jane indirectly failed to communicate to Andrew her acceptance of the offer. This was contrary to the general rule that an acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. The case of Jane and Andrew is typical of one where the postal rule can not be applied because the letter of acceptance was not properly posted (Simpson, 1987). As an academic problem, the postal rule in the work of Wald & Williston (1906) could be evoked to give three possible answers to this scenario in the following light: an offer made through the post might be regarded as accepted in the eyes of the law: i) as soon as the letter of acceptance is put into the post; or ii) when the letter of acceptance is delivered to the offeror's address; or iii) when the letter of acceptance is

Ebola Virus: History, Symptoms and Treatment

Ebola Virus: History, Symptoms and Treatment Vijayatheeban Jeyanandan Ebola virus outbreaks: The deadly and incurable Hemorrhagic fever Contents (Jump to) 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 History of Ebola virus. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus. 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola infection. 1.5 Diagnosis methods. 1.6 Treatment methods. 1.7 Conclusion Reference list 1.1 Introduction A reported by the World Health Organization (2014) Ebola virus disease once known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever is a serious, frequently deadly disease, with a case casualty rate of up to 90%. There are no authorized particular medications or vaccine accessible for utilization in individuals or creatures. Stanford education (2014) states that Ebola virus was initially recognized as a possible new strain of Marburg virus in 1976. Stanford education states that Ebola infection is initially wide spreading in Sudan and Zaire. Ebola virus is a member of filoviridae family. Farrar and Piot (2014) reported that as of September 14, 2014, a total of 4507 confirmed and likely instances of Ebola virus disease, and also 2296 deaths from the infection, had been accounted for from five nations in West Africa — Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leon. Contact with body fluids demonstrated a solid affiliation. Francesconi et al. (2003) comments that Persons who had immediate physical contact with a infected person were more inclined to have gained the disease. 1.2 History of Ebola virus Peters and Leduc (1999) comments that biomedical science initially experienced the virus family filoviridae when Marburg virus showed up in 1967 and in the late 1970s, the global group was again startled, this time by the revelation of Ebola infection as the causative executor of significant flare-ups of hemorrhagic fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Sudan. History of Ebola infection can be found online (Stanfort education, 2014) The first outbreaks of infected in excess of 284 peoples, with a 53% death rate. After the few months the second Ebola infection caused from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ). EBOZ, with the most astounding death rate of any of the Ebola infection (88%), contaminated 318 peoples. In 1989, a novel infection, Reston Ebolavirus (REBOV) was secluded from commonly tainted cynomolgus macaques imported from the Philippines into United States. All shipments aside from one were followed to single supplier in the Philippines; however, the main beginning of the infection and mode of sullying for the office has never been learned. While pathogenic for regularly and tentatively tainted monkeys, constrained information demonstrate that REBOV may not be pathogenic for people as creature overseers without delivering clinical side effects. A review by Georges et al. (1999) reported that, in 1994, at Gabon, Occured in Mà ©kouka and other gold-mining camps profound in the downpour backwoods. At first thought to be yellow fever; recognized as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in 1995. Zuckerman(2008) reported that In 2000, Happened in Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara areas of Uganda. The three most essential dangers connected with Ebola infection contamination were going to funerals of Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients, having contact with infected patients in ones family, and giving restorative forethought to Ebola infected patients without utilizing sufficient individual defensive measures. In this situation, reported number of human cases is 425 and reported number of deaths among cases is 224. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus A review by Sullivan et al. (2003) comments that Ebola was found in 1976 and is a member of the Filovirus family, which are pleomophic, negative-sense RNA viruses whose genome organization is most similar to the paramyxoviridae. Geisbert et al. (2010) states EBOV particles contain a non-infectious RNA genome of roughly 19 kilobases that encodes seven structural proteins and one non-structural protein. The gene order is 3†² leader, nucleoprotein, virion protein 35 , virion protein 40, glycoprotein, virion protein 30, polymerase L protein, and 5†² trailer.3 Four of these proteins—nucleoprotein, virion protein30, virion protein35, and the polymerase L protein—are associated with the viral genomic RNA in the ribonucleoprotein complex.Crowley and Crusberg (2014) states Ebola viruses are long and filamentious, essentially bacilliform. However the viruses mostly get on a â€Å"U† shape. The particles of these viruses can be above 14,000 nm in long and average 80 nm in diameter. Visualscience.ru (2014) states Ebola has a layer envelope its shaped from the film of the host cell during virus budding. The viral molecule additionally catches various human proteins. Ebola surface protein, encoded by the gp gene. Transmission of the virus PHAC-ASPC.GC.CA (2014) states, that in an outbreak, it is theorized that the first patient gets to be infected as an aftereffect of contact with an infected animals. Person to person transmission happens by means of close personal contact with an infected individual or their body fluids during the late stages of disease or after death. Centers for Disease Control (2014) reported that Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, foods. However Ebola is spread through direct contact with blood or body fluids including but not limited to urine, salivation, dung, regurgitation, and semen of an individual who is infected by Ebola. And also Ebola virus can be transmitted by objects like needles and syringes that have been contaminated with the virus. 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola infection Smith (2014) stats that, the symptoms of Ebola may be shown out from 2 days to 21 days after the infection of Ebola virus, but the average is 8 to 10 days from the infection. The symptoms are quite similar to the flu, cholera, typhoid, and malaria. The symptoms usually include high fever, serious head pain, body weakness, retching, diarrhea, stomach torment, Lack of apptite, and sore throat. Symptoms of Ebola can be found online (Health24, 2014). Progression of Ebola fever causes bleeding inside the body, and from the eyes, ears, nose and anus. Some individuals will vomit or hack up blood, have wicked looseness of the bowels, have impaired kidney and liver function, have continues hiccups and get a rash. Diagnosing methods of Ebola can be found online (Cdc.gov, 2014). In the earlier stage is really very difficult because the early symptoms are quite similar to the symptoms of malaria and typhoid fever. In his analysis Zubay (2005,pp) says that tests with live virus must be performed in Biosafety Level 4 regulation research centers, due to the compelling harmfulness and infectiousness of disease. 1.5 Diagnosis methods Diagnosing methods of Ebola can be found online (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2014). In the earlier stage is really very difficult because the early symptoms are quite similar to the symptoms of malaria and typhoid fever. In his analysis Zubay (2005,p.71,72) says that tests with live virus must be performed in Biosafety Level 4 regulation research centers, due to the compelling harmfulness and infectiousness of disease. A review by Saijo et al, (2006) says after the isolation, the virus can be detected via various laboratory diagnostic methods like virus isolation, reverse transcription, real time quantitative method , antigen-capture enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay method (ELISA), antigen detection by immunostaining, or IgG-and IgM-ELISA using authentic virus antigens (9, 18, 28-30, 32, 48, 50, 53, 64). Diagnosing methods can differ with the time line of infection which can be found online (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2014). Within a few days after the symptoms shown out we could use Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing or IgM ELISA or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Virus isolation and for retrospectively in deceased patients we need to use Immunohistochemistry testing or PCR or virus isolation and later in the disease course or after recovery we could use IgM and IgG antibodies. In his analysis Bray (2014) says that as indicated by the WHO, people who no more have signs and indications of Ebola infection sickness can be released on the off chance that they have two contrary PCR tests on entire blood, differentiated by no less than 48 hours. 1.6 Treatment methods Schoenstadt (2014) says that there are no proven treatment methods to kill the Ebola virus therefore, treatment concentrates on giving easing of side effects as the body battles the virus. This is called supportive care. Ziady and Small (2004) stats that patients receive supportive treatments like balancing fluid and electrolytes, maintaining tissue and pulmonary oxygenation, maintaining blood circulation by replacing blood loss, and treating complications symptomatically. Gupta, (2014) comments that chronicled examples in medication improvement recommend that there is a slim likelihood of accomplishment with the current arrangement of potential Ebola treatments. Torrence (2005) stats that scientists have also examined the potential of heterologous live viral vectors in effectively preventing Ebola virus infection. And we also can say good nursing care and using antibiotics to prevent secondary infections from bacteria also supportive care for Ebola. Lamontagne et al. (2014) says General wellbeing mediations including describing the episode the study of disease transmission, contact following, social assembly, and state funded instruction are fundamental steps in ceasing Ebola and will at last spare a lot of people a larger number of lives than can be spared by individual patient forethought. (Geisbert, 2014) says that antibody therapies and several other methodologies mentioned here should ultimately be included in an arsenal of interventions for controlling future Ebola outbreaks. 1.7 Conclusion Ebola is infection and highly lethal and with no verifiably effective vaccine available. However the ebola hemorraghic fever can be control by spreading virus. First of all, the health ministry of government and who knows about the Ebola virus disease they should be Awareness to essential peoples. Because everyone must be attention about the Ebola infection. The ebola infection only can diagnosis under the advanced laboratory, but there are no lab facilities backwardness areas and also some essential countries. However who the person shows the ebola virus symptoms, we should be try to transfer to where can diagnose. In the future government should be provide advanced lab facilities for diagnose the infection when the infection highly spreading. The medical workers of ebola virus diagnosing or researching they should be wear protective clothing transport a man suffering from Ebola. Reference list Bray, M. (2014). Uptodate. Available at: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-ebola-and-marburg-virus-disease# (Accessed 30 October 2014). Centers for disease control and prevention (2014) Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/diagnosis/ (Accessed 29 October 2014). Centers for disease and prevention (2014). Transmission of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/ (Accessed 27 September 2014). Crowley, J. and Crusberg, T. (2014). Genomic Structure, Comparative and Molecular Biology. Available at: http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/ebola/ebolagen.html (Accessed: 28 September 2014). Farrar, J. and Piot, P. (2014). ‘Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa -The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections’, New England Journal Medicine, 371(16), pp.1481-1495 [Online]. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100 (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Francesconi, P., Yoti, Z., Declich, S., Onek, P., Fabiani, M., Olango, J., Andraghetti, R., Rollin, P., Opira, C., Greco, D. and Salmaso, S. (2003). ‘Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission and Risk Factors of Contacts, Uganda’. Emerging Infectous Disease, 9(11), pp.1430-1437, National Center for Biotechnology Information [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035551/ (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Geisbert, T., Lee, A., Robbins, M., Geisbert, J., Honko, A., Sood, V., Johnson, J., de Jong, S., Tavakoli, I., Judge, A., Hensley, L. and MacLachlan, I. (2010). Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: a proof-of-concept study. 375(9729), pp.1896-1905, The Lancet. (online). Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60357-1 (Accessed 28 September 2014) Geisbert, T. (2014). ‘Medical research: Ebola therapy protects severely ill monkeys’, Nature, 514(7520), pp.41-43, Nature Publishing Group [Online]. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vnfv/ncurrent/full/nature13746.html (Accessed:6 November 2014). Georges, A., Leroy, E., Renaut, A., Benissan, C., Nabias, R., Ngoc, M., Obiang, P., Lepage, J., Bertherat, E., Benoni, D. (1999). Ebola hemorrhagic outbreaks in Gabon. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179(Supplement 1), pp.6575. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988167 (Accessed: 6 Oct. 2014). Gupta, R. (2014). ‘Rethinking the development of Ebola treatments’, The Lancet Global Health, 2(10), pp.e563-e564 [Online]. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(14)70304-3/fulltext (Accessed: 6 November 2014). Health24 (2014). Available at: http://www.health24.com/Medical/infectious-diseases/Ebola/Signs-and-symptoms-of-Ebola-20140729 (Accessed 29 October 2014). Lamontagne, F., Clà ©ment, C., Fletcher, T., Jacob, S., Fischer, W. and Fowler, R. (2014). ‘Doing Todays Work Superbly Well — Treating Ebola with Current Tools’. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(17), pp.1565-1566 [Online]. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1411310 (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Mahy, B. and Van Regenmortel, M. (2010). Desk encyclopedia of human and medical virology. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQCpg=PA382dq=ebola+virus+history+originhl=ensa=Xei=rCUyVP7wDcSjugTzs4GQDQved=0CDMQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=ebola%20virus%20history%20originf=false (Accessed 4 Oct. 2014). Peters, C. and LeDuc, J. (1999). ‘An Introduction to Ebola: The Virus and the Disease’. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179(s1), p.Six-xvi. [Online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/514322 (Accessed 4 Oct. 2014). Public Health Agency of Canada (2014). Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/ebola-eng.php (Accessed 27 September 2014). Saijo, M., Niikura, M., Ikegami, T., Kurane, I., Kurata, T. and Morikawa, S. (2006). ‘Laboratory Diagnostic Systems for Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers Developed with Recombinant Proteins’. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 21, November [Online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.4.444-451.2006 (Accessed 30 October 2014). Schoenstadt, A. (2014). eMedTV: Health Information Brought To Life. Available at: http://ebola.emedtv.com/ebola/ebola-treatment.html (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Smith,W. (2014).Webmd. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ebola-fever-virus-infection (Accessed 29 Oct. 2014). Sullivan, N., Yang, Z. and Nabel, G. (2003). Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies. 77(18), pp.9733-9737, Journal of Virology. [online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.18.9733-9737.2003 (Accessed 28 September 2014). Torrence, P. (2005). Antiviral drug discovery for emerging diseases and bioterrorism threats. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=QZl7GzhTsb8Cdq=Torrence,+P+Antiviral+drug+discovery+for+emerging+diseases+and+bioterrorism+threats.source=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed: 6 November 2014). Visualscience.ru (2014). Available at: http://visualscience.ru/en/projects/ebola/poster/ (Accessed 28 September 2014). Web.stanford.edu (2005) Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/history.html (Accessed: 6 November 2014). World Health organization (2014). Ebola Virus Diseases (EVD) Implication of Introduction in the Americas. Jamaica: Jamaica information service [online]. Available at: http://jis.gov.jm/features/ebola-virus-diseases-evd-implication-introduction-americas/ (Accessed 6 November 2014). Ziady, L. and Small, N. (2004). Prevent and control infection. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=kSKwP3v99dYCpg=PA256lpg=PA256dq=Ziady,+L.+and+Small,+N.+(2004).+Prevent+and+control+infectionsource=blots=DEOU4V_3gRsig=phk4sKUjV30cWcw7qv3Xo08Id1khl=ensa=Xei=yq5bVPGeGsr98AXShIKACAved=0CB0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Ziady%2C%20L.%20and%20Small%2C%20N.%20(2004).%20Prevent%20and%20control%20infectionf=false (Accessed: 6 November 2014) Zubay, G. (2005). Agents of bioterrorism. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=AwkVgNPRnKoCdq=diagnosis+methods+ebola+Zubaysource=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed 29 October 2014). Zuckerman, A. (2008). Principles and practice of clinical virology. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sCpg=PA774lpg=PA774dq=Okware+SI,+Omaswa+FG,+Zaramba+S,+et+al.+An+outbreak+of+Ebola+in+Uganda.source=blots=NBElqYFkMRsig=o7MGwDL_xghUdwFQohFWtqj_TOohl=ensa=Xei=ZUEyVJC_G8aOuATxwoGoAQved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=An%20outbreak%20of%20Ebola%20in%20Ugandaf=false (Accessed 4 October 2014).

Cocaine Essay -- Essays Papers

Cocaine First of all this research paper will examine the history of cocaine, answer exactly who used it, effects of the drug and its addictive nature. People choose to write about cocaine so that others can clearly see and understand its historical origins and dangerous properties. Those who experiment with drugs should become aware of their dangerous effects and take caution. The more people that become knowledgeable about cocaine, the more they can protect themselves from seriously endangering themselves. Cocaine users that are seriously dependent on the drug can seek treatment and rehabilitate. Most cocaine users do not realize they have a problem until it becomes too late. Much like the alcoholic, a cocaine dependent’s body has accepted the drug and is used to it being in the body’s system. When the body needs it, and the user does not have it, withdrawal takes place. In this case, a long, gradual process of lessening the dosage is the only route for success. Experiments were conducted involving the effects of crack cocaine on case studies in Toronto. It is important that people monitor and stay knowledgeable about cocaine, â€Å"as medical experiments done at the turn of the century lacked today’s sophistication† (Karch A Brief History of Cocaine 11). These case studies are crucial to research if we are to fully understand the drug, its effects and its addictive nature. We can also observe from a safe pedestal the effect it has on society as a whole. This information was never really made public in the past, because researchers did not know much about the drug to begin with. In Toronto, â€Å"a core premise of media and law enforcement claims of an epidemic is that crack’s quick and intense high quickly leads to com... ...rt moment, their problems disappear. In the article, â€Å"Resisting Cocaine’s Tragic Lure† by Farrington, a recovering cocaine addict said it best by exclaiming, â€Å"I was always looking for the answer to the question ‘How can I feel better?’†¦it never occurred to me I could do that on my own [without drugs].† Work Cited Karch, Steven B. The Pathology of Drug Abuse. Boca Raton, FL: CBC Press, 1993. Karch, Steven B. A Brief History of Cocaine. Boca Raton, FL: CBC Press, 2000. Erickson, Pat.,et al. The Steel Drug. New York: Lexington Books, 1987. Farrington, Jan. â€Å"Resisting Cocaine’s Tragic Lure.† Current Health 25.6 (1999): 6-13. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002. Carpenter, S. â€Å"Cocaine Use Boosts Heart- Attack Risk.† Science News 155.23 (1999): 356. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002 Cocaine Essay -- Essays Papers Cocaine First of all this research paper will examine the history of cocaine, answer exactly who used it, effects of the drug and its addictive nature. People choose to write about cocaine so that others can clearly see and understand its historical origins and dangerous properties. Those who experiment with drugs should become aware of their dangerous effects and take caution. The more people that become knowledgeable about cocaine, the more they can protect themselves from seriously endangering themselves. Cocaine users that are seriously dependent on the drug can seek treatment and rehabilitate. Most cocaine users do not realize they have a problem until it becomes too late. Much like the alcoholic, a cocaine dependent’s body has accepted the drug and is used to it being in the body’s system. When the body needs it, and the user does not have it, withdrawal takes place. In this case, a long, gradual process of lessening the dosage is the only route for success. Experiments were conducted involving the effects of crack cocaine on case studies in Toronto. It is important that people monitor and stay knowledgeable about cocaine, â€Å"as medical experiments done at the turn of the century lacked today’s sophistication† (Karch A Brief History of Cocaine 11). These case studies are crucial to research if we are to fully understand the drug, its effects and its addictive nature. We can also observe from a safe pedestal the effect it has on society as a whole. This information was never really made public in the past, because researchers did not know much about the drug to begin with. In Toronto, â€Å"a core premise of media and law enforcement claims of an epidemic is that crack’s quick and intense high quickly leads to com... ...rt moment, their problems disappear. In the article, â€Å"Resisting Cocaine’s Tragic Lure† by Farrington, a recovering cocaine addict said it best by exclaiming, â€Å"I was always looking for the answer to the question ‘How can I feel better?’†¦it never occurred to me I could do that on my own [without drugs].† Work Cited Karch, Steven B. The Pathology of Drug Abuse. Boca Raton, FL: CBC Press, 1993. Karch, Steven B. A Brief History of Cocaine. Boca Raton, FL: CBC Press, 2000. Erickson, Pat.,et al. The Steel Drug. New York: Lexington Books, 1987. Farrington, Jan. â€Å"Resisting Cocaine’s Tragic Lure.† Current Health 25.6 (1999): 6-13. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002. Carpenter, S. â€Å"Cocaine Use Boosts Heart- Attack Risk.† Science News 155.23 (1999): 356. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 14 Oct. 2002

Life Developed Only on Earth Essay

Life developed only on this one small planet in this one small galaxy. There are several reasons to explain this and some of these are the following: First of all, water is sufficient on Earth making it fit for life to exist (BBC, n. d. ). Second, oxygen is available on Earth for a life to carry on living (BBC, n. d. ). Third, neither earth is too close nor too far from the Sun, thus neither it is not too warm nor is it too cold to live in (BBC, n. d. ). Fourth, the chemicals necessitated to create a living cell are more than enough (BBC, n. d. ). Fifth, a considerable amount of plant and animal species have already developed and adjusted to the environment (BBC, n. d. ). Sixth, the surface of the Earth is perfectly designed since it amazingly protects it from the rays of the Sun (BBC, n. d. ). This is the same reason why the Earth gets the right temperature while other planets are either extremely hot or excessively cold (BBC, n. d. ). Consequently, this also made it possible for water to be available in its liquid state (BBC, n. d. ). Seventh, even if it has been said that life exists in Mars, there are no evidences that support such yet (Fisher, 2005). Furthermore, telescopes are not that good enough to provide details as to whether life really exists there or not (Fisher, 2005). Moreover, to declare such a statement would entail a closer scrutiny of the aforementioned (Fisher, 2005). Eighth, unfortunately, nobody from Earth can leave for Mars (Fisher, 2005). In fact, even NASA say â€Å"no such mission will be attempted for several years† (Fisher, 2005). Last but not least, the Earth is the only planet which has a magnetic field that â€Å"turns away dangerous particles of space radiation† (Fisher, 2005). This means that other planets have a much lesser air and have a much colder temperature, thus living will be quite impossible (Fisher, 2005). References BBC. (n. d. ). Why is There Life on Earth? Retrieved August 22, 2007 from http://www. open2. net/science/finalfrontier/life/why. htm Fisher, D. (2005). Is there Life on Mars. Retrieved August 22, 2007 from http://spaceplace. nasa. gov/en/kids/phonedrmarc/2002_june. shtml

Identity Formation Essay

Identity formation is a universal term for young girls and boys who are trying to create themselves once they have that self awareness concept. There are many experiments that show media, peer pressure, and environmental factors contribute towards alternating a person’s identity. Natural observation and the longitudinal study can show the changes that form when a person encounters a social environmental factor that can alter their own identity which; it could be through friends, pressure to fit in, or celebrity envy. Two research methods that would prove to show that media, peer pressure, and social environmental factors do influence identity formation would be studying a participant over a long period time and studying a person in a natural setting with out them knowing. For example doing a longitudinal study on a participant will show the influences of different factors that will have on a certain participant through out their development. Doing this kind of research method will show the progress of changes in that participant’s life and will show the researcher the affect it has on her or his identity development. For example a young girl who always watches celebrities through out her childhood and into her teen years will show an affect on her identity rather then someone who is taught on real life and how people are suppose to look like or act. â€Å"Adolescents who watched music videos were more likely to recognize and relate to the socially competent behaviors demonstrated in the music videos than to the negative images or entertainment only value of the video (Te’Neil Lloyd 2000). † Using a natural setting can show researchers if participants act differently in real life after watching certain movies or shows. Without the participant knowing they are being studied they will show a natural behavior and most likely send out a false identity after being exposed to those social media factors. The downside about using these two research methods can be both participants can drop out anytime they want. Such as using the longitudinal study the young participant can drop out of the study anytime of his/her life. To make sure this study is ethical is to have a parent’s permission for their child to participate in this study over their entire development span. For the natural setting observation study the researchers cannot talk to whoever they are observing which can lead to involvement towards the study and interrupting the natural behavior. To make sure this type of research study is ethical is to not use names and make sure other people cannot find these participants in their community. Or they can tell their participants that they want to observe them, but not tell them when and do the observation randomly. Overall identity formation can be manipulated at anytime in the child’s development stages; media, magazines, and their own peer group can change how they view themselves. Using a natural setting for observation, and longitudinal study can show researchers that social factors and environmental factors can influence identity formation. Overall social media, celebrity shows, and environmental factors have a heavy impact on our lives each day. Many young girls and boys try to find their own medium with all these barriers to overcome with trying to fit in at school or watching TV shows that show unrealistic behaviors and appearances for the real world. â€Å"Teenaged adolescents watch more movies than any other segment of the population. More than 4 million adolescent girls monthly purchase magazines such as Seventeen and Sassy (Evans et aL, 1991), and three-fourths of white females aged 12-14 read at least one magazine regularly (Klein et al. , 1993). Add to this videos, books, and newspapers, and the total amounts to a significant part of the daily experience of adolescents (Jensen Arnett 1995). † This fact shows many girls and boys are exposed to a lot of media, gossip magazines and movies that many people envy for their life and identity to be like.

How to Use the French Preposition Contre (Against)

How to Use the French Preposition Contre (Against) Contre  is a French preposition that usually means against, while its antonym,  pour, means for. Contre is used often alone or as part of common idiomatic expressions, such as par contre,  which means, on the other hand, whereas and but. Contre  is required after certain French verbs and phrases that need an  indirect object. The term contre  also has other English equivalents, depending on the context. Common Uses of Contre 1. Contact or Juxtaposition   Ã‚  Ã‚  sappuyer contre le mur  Ã‚  Ã‚  to lean against the wall  Ã‚  Ã‚  la face contre terre  Ã‚  Ã‚  face down (face the ground) 2. Opposition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous sommes contre la guerre.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Were against war.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ªtre en colà ¨re contre quelquun  Ã‚  Ã‚  to be angry with someone 3. Defense or Protection   Ã‚  Ã‚  un abri contre le vent  Ã‚  Ã‚  a shelter from the wind  Ã‚  Ã‚  une mà ©decine contre la grippe  Ã‚  Ã‚  medicine against the flu 4. Exchange   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©changer un stylo contre un crayon  Ã‚  Ã‚  to trade a pen for a pencil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ma donnà © un livre contre trois magazines  Ã‚  Ã‚  He gave me a book (in exchange) for three magazines 5. Relationship / Rapport   Ã‚  Ã‚  deux voix contre une  Ã‚  Ã‚  two (votes) to one   Ã‚  Ã‚  un à ©tudiant contre trois profs  Ã‚  Ã‚  one student vs three teachers 6. After Certain Verbs, Phrases That Need an Indirect Object   Ã‚  Ã‚  sabriter contre (le vent)   to take shelter against (the wind)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sappuyer contre (un arbre)   to lean against (a tree)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sasseoir contre (son ami)   to sit next to (ones friend)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sassurer contre (lincendie)   to insure against (fire)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se battre contre   to fight against  Ã‚  Ã‚  se blottir contre (sa mà ¨re, son chien)  Ã‚  to cuddle up next to (ones mother, dog)   Ã‚  Ã‚  donner quelque chose contre  Ã‚  to give something in exchange for  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©changer quelque chose contre quelque chose  Ã‚  to exchange something for  Ã‚  Ã‚  something else  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ªtre en colà ¨re contre  Ã‚  to be angry at  Ã‚  Ã‚  se fà ¢cher contre  Ã‚  to get mad at  Ã‚  Ã‚  se mettre contre le mur  Ã‚  to stand against the wall  Ã‚  Ã‚  serrer quelquun contre sa poitrine/son cÅ“ur  Ã‚  to hug someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  troquer quelque chose contre quelque chose  Ã‚  to swap something for  Ã‚  Ã‚  something els e  Ã‚  Ã‚  voter contre  Ã‚  to vote against